lived 500 BCE

It's hard to say how much of Aristotle's writings were his own ideas and how much was just a reproduction of common trends in Greek thinking at the time. He gets a lot of credit for being one of the first to write down much of philosophy. We know he got the idea of the four elements from Empedocles.

• the number e, law of large numbers, … treatise on probability
• influenced by Christiaan Huygens after reading how he and others use expectation values
• also influenced by Leibniz and Descartes, studying their math discoveries