Known for

• FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)
• the now ubiquitous box plot
• etc.

After WW2, worked at AT&T Bell Labs. Invented the term "bit" in 1947, a term first used in Claude Shannon's 1948 paper. May also have coined the word "software".

In analysis of variance, we use Tukey's HSD.

Physicists are among the smartest high IQ people, there is no doubt. If you want a single case example take Richard Feynman. If we could have lured him to psychology an important concept probably would have been published 35 years earlier.

In 1939 Feynman as a graduate student at Princeton experimented just for fun together with his friend John Tukey (who later became the famous statistician) to assess the ability of measuring time by counting.(Gleick,1992) They run stairs up and down to accelerate their heartbeats and trained themselves at the same time to count seconds and steps. Feynman’s performance deteriorated when he talked but not when he read. Tukey instead performed well when he recited poems aloud and worse when he read. So both have detected what is now known as the two slave systems of working memory, namely the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad. Now you get a feeling how much more psychology would have been advanced if brains like theirs had been invested in my discipline at that time.

Tukey handled predicting the 1962 US elections, and didn't tell anyone he used approximate Bayesian methods. This was one of the earliest practical uses of Bayes, otherwise too calculation-heavy.

A prolific mathematician, who developed much of the notation we use, particularly in analysis (calculus). For example, naming the number pi, well, pi, was his idea. Introduced the concept of a mathematical function. Pierre-Simon Laplace said "Read Euler, Read Euler, he is the master of us all".

His eyesight worsened over time. In 1738, he got blind in his right eye, so that King Frederick called him "Cyclops". In 1766, he got blind in his left eye. He said, "Now I will have fewer distractions". He had a freak memory and ability for mental calculation, and with the aid of his scribes, Euler's productivity actually increased, producing one paper every week in the year 1775.

Zeno of Citium (sv: Zenon av Kition) founded a complete school of philosophy, called Stoicism because he taught at a porch (stoa) in downtown Athens.

Not the originator of Zeno's paradox, that's a different Zeno.

When Zeno first came to Athens, he asked a vendor where he might find a man like Socrates (469–399 BCE). A Cynic by the name of Crates was just passing by, and the vendor said "Follow that man". Zeno did, and learned much from Crates, in particular his disregard for common values.

Like most Greeks, Zeno admired Socrates, but he did not agree with the directions taken by Plato and Aristotle, and combined the character of Socrates with the philosophy of Heraclitus (535–475 BCE), instead. In ways, Stoicism is the philosophy most similar to that of Socrates himself. See for example the Academic Sceptics' stance that you could not know anything for certain, while Socrates and the Stoics would say that there is a class of things you can know for certain. (Looks like rationalists vs. empiricists again…).

Much of Greek philosophy ended up absorbing aspects of each other in the Roman period, so the distinctions mattered less.

Basically popularized the writing format called an essay.